They all appear to be small wood boxes on legs with louvre sides. I'd have thought once the full sun gets on them they'd heat up ?
Yes, you would think that, but they don't!
Or at least they do warm up, but only by a small amount that is the same for all of them, hence why everyone still uses the same design after hundreds of years, if they changed the design and had trendy black metal ones then new figures wouldn't be comparable with older ones, and that would be very bad for the global warming trend graphs!
It is very important that they are all mounted at the same height, 1.5m, because temperature changes with height, and they should be in an open field, not against a building, although mine is next to a stone trackway for easy access and the only difference is that it is consistently 2 degrees warmer than the official met office one which is down in the bottom of the valley, doesn't get warm air rising up the valley side and sits where the cold air collects in winter. Our met office one temporarily got on the BBC news on Monday as the hottest place in Wales.
The louvers allow air to blow through, and even if there is no wind, the little sunshine heating on the outside of the box creates some upwards convection draft which keeps the thermometer at air temperature. If you are constructing one then it is important that the louvers overlap so that the sun can never shine inside unless it is below the horizon. They are always painted brilliant white so that they don't absorb the sun's heat, and you are supposed to put multiple layers of brilliant white paint on.
Surprisingly, size does not seem to matter, there is no specification for size. Met Office ones are quite big, mine is approximately a 20cm cube, ideal for modern digital thermometers. As long as the air can move through freely and the sun can't get inside and they are at the standard height then they work.
The little wooden legs are so that there is always air underneath, so heat/cold can't be conducted in through the bottom if you sit them on top of something, you are supposed to stand them on their legs even if you are mounting them on a pole, so you need to put a table on top of the pole to sit the SS on top of. And face the door northwards, so that when you open it the sun will not get in!